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The Golden Age of Trebizond (Trebizond Summarized II)

The peak of the Empire of Trebizond in the early 14th century. What was the most glamorous age of this Black Sea Roman state like? What were the historical phenomena that shaped it? When Ioannes II Megas Komnenos relinquished his title of "Roman Emperor" to the Palaiologoi in 1282, it might seem as if the Trapezuntine ascendancy was over and there was decline from thereon; but no. Although Ioannes buckled under Constantinopolitan pressure due to challenges in his realm, and incursions from the Georgians and Turcomans came afterwards too, his "Westpolitik" left Trebizond open to an immense influx of culture and commerce from Constantinople, the Queen of Cities which normalized relations with the Pontic capital, and Genoa, the Italian maritime republic that began expanding its lucrative trading empire to the Black Sea. So despite not being able to hold off neighboring enemies, first "Emperor and Autocrat of all the East, the Iberians, and the Transmarine Provinces" left for his successor a wealthy and solid Empire to work from. Alexios II Megas Komnenos Palaiologos ascended the throne at 14, when his father Ioannes died on August 16th (so I'm posting my video #otd ) 1297. He was considered the best Emperor of Trebizond, having shaken off the subordinated status to Constantinople, conquered Turkic raiders on land and managed those at sea, withstood Genoese aggression and implemented a favorable treaty... and that's only politically. On the cultural scheme, the sponsorship of his mother Eudokia Palaiologina made Trebizond a beautiful capital adorned with the neatest churches, and Alexios, a cultivated Emperor, attracted bright Roman intellectuals from all over the world to found the Academy of Trebizond, which became famous for its astronomical studies. In this period Trapezuntine science was on par with that in Constantinople and even influenced it, as its academicians like Gregorios Chioniades educated the next generation of not only Trapezuntine, but also Constantinopolitan astronomers. The Golden Age ended with Alexios' death in 1330. Image credits: The photos of Pontos and Trapezuntine monuments are from two friends of the channel: Caspar José Tromp (photos of the churches, the Alexian wall and Komnenian palace of Trebizond) and Cody Danroth (photo of Alaatin Cami Sinope). Both are well traveled and historically educated gentlemen, and this channel extends its deepest thanks to their contribution. Caspar's channel:‪@caspartromp1017‬ Primary sources: The Chronicle of Michael Panaretos, translated by Scott Kennedy The writings of Joseph Lazaropoulos in The Hagiographic Dossier of Saint Eugenius of Trebizond in Codex Athous Dionysiou 154 edited by J. O. Rosenqvist Κωνσταντίνου του πρωτονοταρίου και πρωτοβεστιαρίου του Λουκίτου επιτάφιον εις τον εν βασιλεύσιν αοίδιμον εκείνον και τρισμακάριστον κύριον Αλέξιον τον Κομνηνόν, Παπαδόπουλος-Κεραμεύς, Α., Ανάλεκτα Ιεροσολυμιτικής Σταχυολογίας Ι, St. Petersburg 1891 Loukites' Horoscope in An Almanac for Trebizond for the Year 1336 by Raymond Mercier) Secondary sources: History of the Empire of the Grand Komnenoi of Trebizond (1204-1461) by Alexios G.C. Savvides O βυζαντινός Πόντος-Η Αυτοκρατορία της Τραπεζούντας, 1204-1461. Ο χώρος, οι άνθρωποι, η οικονομία by V. Ch. Lymperopoulos, Trebizond: The Last Greek Empire by William Miller ARCHITECTURE AND STATEHOOD IN LATE BYZANTIUM: A COMPARATIVE STUDY OF EPIROS AND TREBIZOND BY SOFIA GEORGIADOU The History of Greece from its conquest by the Crusaders to its conquest by the Turks and of the Empire of Trebizond by George Finlay Astronomy in the Trebizond Empire by Ahmet M. Zehiroğlu The Earliest Aspers of Alexius II of Trebizond (1297 – 1330) by S. Bendall Music used: For this video I challenged myself to use only traditional music from the cities/regions relevant to the history presented. Pontos: Γώγος Πετρίδης & Κωστάκης Καραπαναγιωτίδης-Ακρίτας Κάστρον Έχτιζεν(   • Γώγος Πετρίδης & Κωστάκης Καραπαναγιωτίδης...  ) Lazia/Chaneti:´ncais birapa´ (   • Laz folk song- ´ncais birapa´  ) Genoa: La Partenza (   • La Partenza (The Parting)  ) Limnia (western Pontos): Θανατί Λάγγεμαν (   • ΣΥΛΛΟΓΟΣ ΚΑΤΩ ΠΟΤΑΜΙΑΣ  Θανατίν Λάγγεμαν  ...  ) Kerasous: ΤΡΥΓΟΝΑ ΠΕΡΙΟΧΗ ΓΟΥΡΟΥΧ (   • ΤΡΥΓΟΝΑ ΠΕΡΙΟΧΗ ΓΟΥΡΟΥΧ  ) Sinope: ΓΑΜΗΛΙΑ ΠΑΤΙΝΑΔΑ - Κέρζε Σινώπης (   • ΓΑΜΗΛΙΑ ΠΑΤΙΝΑΔΑ - Κέρζε Σινώπης [Δυτικός ...  ) Pontos: Γώγος Πετρίδης | Άτσαπατ Σέρρα (   • Γώγος Πετρίδης | Άτσαπατ Σέρρα  ) O Giannes o monogiannes (   • ΠΟΝΤΟΣ - Ο Γιάννες ο μονόγιαννες (ΜΕ ΣΤΙΧΟΥΣ)  ) Watch Trebizond Summarized:    • Trebizond Summarized   Rewatch ERS:    • Eastern Rome Summarized   Feel generous? Do you wish to directly support me? Please check out my Patreon:   / byzansimp   Join this channel to get access to perks:   / @byzansimp