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Chief Executives and Bureaucracy

Interactions between chief executives and their administrative bureaucracies impact the executive’s political and policy decisions. Policy development and policy implementation are distinct phases of chief executive involvement with their bureaucracies. Policy development in broad outline is what chief executives intend to do in their capacity as leaders of bureaucracy. Policy development is the political and governmental process of formulating goals and directions for government activity and an overall framework of related programs. This is usually regarded as a chief executive’s task. Even executives with extensive formal and political power, such as second-term presidents, must depend on professionals in the bureaucracy for program advice and evaluation. The more technically complex the work of a bureau and the more structurally autonomous, the less impact the chief executive has on its policy development. Policy areas such as environmental protection, national defense, or transportation require more specialized technical expertise than most chief executives possess. The chief executive a diversity of technical experts available from among their staff or outside specialists. Policy implementation makes chief executives even more dependent on bureaucracies. Influence over implementation is generally limited to fairly broad-gauged actions (such as budget cuts, proposed reorganizations, and personnel measures) and is related to existing institutional resources. Policy implementation is the political and governmental process of carrying out programs to fulfill specified policy objectives. The responsibility is typically carried out by administrative agencies, under chief executive and/or legislative guidance. Most chief executives, including presidents, governors, and mayors, must contend with a dual difficulty. They must rely on bureaucratic expertise for much of the content of policy and, at the same time, seek agency compliance in implementing and evaluating policy as they desire.