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Chief Executives and Leadership

The ability of chief executives to lead their bureaucracies effectively depends on a number of instruments, or tools, of leadership. There is considerable variation in the ability of any one leader to wield these instruments, alone or in combination. Instruments, or tools, of leadership are various mechanisms such as legislative support, policy initiatives, and emergency decision-making powers available to chief executives to help direct bureaucratic behavior. Three factors can help to shape the leadership environment. The chief executive’s support in the legislature can affect leadership over a bureaucracy. Administrators are more inclined to follow the executive’s lead if they know that members of the legislature also support that lead; the legislature, after all, is a key source of political and fiscal support for bureaucratic agencies. Second is the degree of (or the potential for) policy and program initiative exercised by the executive leader. This power to initiate provides an important advantage because the way in which a question or proposal is first put forward can significantly affect the outcome of the decision process. Another source of strength is the capability of chief executives to respond to crisis situations. That capacity is reinforced by public expectations that a chief executive will effectively direct governmental actions in the wake of threats to national security and other crises requiring governmental responses, like natural disasters. The degree of legislative support for chief executives may vary during their term. Policy initiatives may be greeted with resistance by the public and the legislature, or a crisis may not be handled well, thus damaging a chief executive’s image and prestige.