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Nayanars

Nayanars The Nayanars were 63 Tamil Shaivite (Shiva-worshipping) poet-saints from the 6th to 8th centuries CE, who, along with the Vaishnavite Alvars, were central to the Bhakti movement in South India, composing devotional hymns (Tevaram) that emphasized love and devotion to Shiva as the path to salvation, transcending caste boundaries with members from diverse backgrounds. The lives and poetry of Nayanars profoundly influenced Tamil culture and Shaivism. Key Aspects of the Nayanars Devotion to Shiva: They were fervent devotees of the Hindu god Shiva, expressing their love and experiences through moving Tamil poetry. Bhakti Movement: Their hymns formed a vital part of the Bhakti movement, promoting intense personal devotion over ritualistic Vedic religion. Social Inclusivity: The Nayanars came from all social strata, including Brahmins, artisans, and even "untouchables," challenging caste distinctions and asserting that devotion was open to all. The Tevaram: Their devotional hymns were collected into the Tirumurai, particularly the Tevaram, which became central to temple worship. Inspiration for Later Devotion: Their legacy inspired devotional traditions and continues to be revered in South Indian temples, as noted by Chola inscriptions. The list of the Nayanars was initially compiled by Sundarar (Sundararmurthi). In his poem Tiruthonda Thogai he sings, in eleven verses, the names of the Nayanar saints up to Karaikkal Ammaiyar, and refers to himself as "the servant of servants". The list did not go into the detail of the lives of the saints, which were described in detail in works such as Tevaram. In the 10th century, king Raja Raja Chola I collected the volumes of Tevaram after hearing excerpts of the hymns in his court.  His priest Nambiyandar Nambi began compiling the hymns into a series of volumes called the Tirumurai. He arranged the hymns of three saint poets Sambandar, Appar and Sundarar as the first seven books which he called the Tevaram. He compiled Manikkavasakar's Tirukovayar and Tiruvasakam as the eighth book, the 28 hymns of nine other saints as the ninth book, the Tirumandiram of Tirumular and 40 hymns by 12 other poets as the tenth book. In the eleventh book, he created the Tirutontanar Tiruvanthathi (also known as Tirutoṇṭar Antādi, lit. Necklace of Verses on the Lord's Servants), which consisted of 89 verses, with a verse devoted to each of the saints. With the addition of Sundarar and his parents to the sequence, this became the canonical list of the 63 saints. In the 12th century CE, Sekkizhar added a twelfth volume to the Tirumurai called Periya Puranam in which he expands further on the stories of each of 63 Nayanars. The Nayanars were from various backgrounds, including Nadar, Vanniyar, Vellalas, Idayars, Kurumbars, Thevars, oilmongers, Brahmins, Vannar, and Paraiyars. Along with the twelve Vaishnava Alvars, they are regarded as the important Hindu saints from South India. Many Kannada works, such has Nambiyannana Ragale and Tiru Nilakanta Devara Ragale, are written on Nayanars by Kannada poet Harihara. Sundara Murthy nayanar is known as Nambiyanna in Kannada literature. List of Nayanars Sundarar's original list of Nayanars did not follow any sequence with regard to chronology or importance. However, some groups have since followed an order for arranging their Nayanar temple images according to Sundarar's poem as well as the information from Nambi and Sekkizhar. The Nalvar or 'The Four' are the three foremost Nayanars Appar, Sundarar, Sambandar along with Manikkavacakar. Among the 63 Nayanmars, Enathinathar, Kulachirai, Siruthondar, Cheraman Perumal, Pugazhcholar, Nindraseer Nedumaran Pandiyan, Karsinga, and Kochengat Chola (also known as Sengannan) are known to have been kings or associated with royal families. Karaikkal Ammaiyar, Mangaiyarkarasaiyar, and Isaignaniyar are the three female Nayanmars.