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ANAEROBIC RESPIRATION

Aerobic and Anaerobic Respiration Every Human Being needs Energy to Survive. For humans food is the source of energy and oxygen is required by food to release this energy. Respiration is the process by which body obtains and utilizes oxygen and eliminates carbon dioxide. There are three processes of respiration in humans, these are, breathing, internal respiration and cellular respiration. Breathing is the process of moving air into and out of the lungs to facilitate gas exchange with the internal environment, mostly by bringing in oxygen and flushing out carbon dioxide. Internal respiration is the exchange of substances between capillaries and cells, whereas, cellular respiration is the release of energy from food substances in living cells. Today we will discuss cellular respiration only. Cellular Respiration The release of energy from food substances in all living cells is called cellular respiration. There are two kinds of cellular respiration aerobic and anaerobic. Aerobic respiration is the process by which oxygen-breathing creatures turn fuel, such as fats or sugars, into energy. The key organelle of aerobic respiration is the mitochondria where the glucose molecule goes through a multistep process, mainly Glycolysis, Kreb’s cycle and electron transport chain. At the end of this multistep process, 36 molecules of Adenosine triphosphate or ATP are generated from only one molecule of glucose. This makes aerobic respiration a very efficient process. All organisms can carry this type of respiration and some yeast. A simplified equation of aerobic respiration is: C6H12O6 + 6O2 6CO2 + 6H2O + energy Where C6H12O6 is glucose, O2 is oxygen, CO2 carbon dioxide and H2O water. Muscle contraction, protein synthesis, cell division, active transport, growth, transmission of nerve impulse and regulation of body temperature are some of the uses of aerobic respiration in humans. Muscle contraction, contraction and relaxation in cardiac muscles and peristalsis are all carried out through aerobic respiration. Peptide bonds are formed for protein synthesis by aerobic respiration, growth, synthesis of chromosomes, synthesis of cell membranes are all carried out by aerobic respiration. The same process also carries out transmission of nerve impulse, along the axon by transporting sodium ions in and out of the membrane. Anaerobic respiration is used in alcoholic fermentation, lactic acid fermentation and during rigorous muscular activity. Alcoholic fermentation is carried out in plants, where sugar is broken down to release energy. Glucose ethanol + CO2 + energy of 2 ATP is released An economically important process that is used in bread making and brewing of beer and wine. Some bacteria causes milk to turn sour and form yogurt. The bacteria feeds on sugar, which is then converted into lactic acid and energy. This energy is also equivalent to 2 ATP. Glucose lactic acid + energy During strenuous activity, breathing is not enough to provide sufficient oxygen for respiration. Muscles experience a shortage of oxygen, causing formation of lactic acid. Accumulation of lactic acid causes muscular cramps and fatigue. In turn, muscle experiences oxygen debt during periods of anaerobic respiration, rapid breathing helps to repay debt by increasing oxygen in the muscles. Thus, converting lactic acid back to glucose.