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At the start of the twentieth century the Haitian language, Kreyòl, was considered a vulgar dialect of French. It was excluded from written and formal contexts, and as a result most of the population was effectively barred from education and other institutional settings. A century later, it is considered a full-fledged language and is used in virtually all contexts. This video is the first of a series examining how this “linguistic revolution” came about. Email me: [email protected] Catch me on Twitter: @mattjrobertshaw This video is based on a section of my MA thesis written under the guidance of Drs. Karen Racine and Joubert Satyre at the University of Guelph. Some of the information was also included in my article: Robertshaw, Matthew. “L’Ouverture, 1901–1915: Sylvain, the École Nationale, and the opening of a Haitian Creole debate.” Canadian Journal of Latin American and Caribbean Studies 44 no. 1 (March 2019): 22–39. Primary sources: Moreau de St. Méry, Médéric Louis Élie. Description topographique, physique, civile, politique et historique de la partie française de l’île de Saint-Domingue, vol. 1. Philadelphia, 1789. Schœll, Franck L. La Langue française dans le monde. Paris: Bibliothèque du Français moderne, 1936. St. John, Spenser. Hayti; or, the Black Republic. London: Smith, Elder & Co., 1889. Girod-Chantrans, Justin. Voyage d’un Suisse dans différents colonies d’Amérique pendant la dernière guerre; avec un table d’observations métrologique faites à Saint-Domingue. Neuchâtel, Switzerland: Société typographique, 1785. Sylvain, Georges. Cric? Crac! Paris: Ateliers haïtiens, 1901. Haitian Constitution of 1987. Film clips: My Fair Lady, 1964. Monty Python’s Life of Brian, 1979 Secondary sources: Bloch, Bernard & George L. Trager. Outline of Linguistic Analysis. Baltimore: Waverly, 1942. Civil, Woodler. “Lang, Kilt ak Sosyete.” Le Nouvelliste, 10 October 2006. Chomsky, Noam. Syntactic Structures. Berlin, Mouton & Co., 1957. Dejean, Yves. “An Overview of the Language Situation in Haiti.” International Journal of Sociology of Language 102 (1993): 73-83. Devonish, Hubert. Language and Liberation: Creole Language Politics in the Caribbean. London: Karia, 1986. Spears, Arthur K. and Carole M. Berotte Joseph, eds. The Haitian Creole Language: History, Structure, Use, and Education. Lanham, MD: Lexington Books, 2010. Trouillot, Michel-Rolph. Haiti, State Against Nation: Origins and Legacy of Duvalierism. New York: Monthly Review Press, 1990. Music licensed from Envato. Theme song composed by Matt Robertshaw. Stock photos from Unsplash, Pexels, Pixabay and Wikimedia Commons. Stock videos from archive.org and YouTube. Sound effects from Zapsplat. Patwa demonstration by Tajaun via Wikitongues (CC BY-NC 4.0). Woodler Civil quote read by Graner Joseph Gracius (Ten10w on Yotube) in his video “KISA YON LANG YE?” Newfoundland English demonstration by Mark Critch via Cailin O’Neil from Travel Yourself ( / travelyourself — video: • A Newfoundland Language Lesson with Mark C... ).