Stability of Carbocation and Cabanion | Inductive Effect | +I effect | Class XI | GOC скачать в хорошем качестве

Stability of Carbocation and Cabanion | Inductive Effect | +I effect | Class XI | GOC

The stability of carbocations and carbon atoms depends on several factors: 1. **Carbocation Stability**: Carbocations are positively charged carbon atoms. Their stability is influenced by the following: **Inductive effect**: Alkyl groups push electrons toward the carbocation, stabilizing it. More alkyl groups lead to greater stability. Hence, the order is: tertiary 3° secondary 2° primary 1° methyl carbocation. **Resonance**: Carbocations are stabilized if the positive charge can be delocalized over a conjugated π-system such as in benzyl or allyl carbocations. **Hyperconjugation**: The overlap of the empty p-orbital of the carbocation with adjacent C-H σ-bonds can stabilize the carbocation. *Electron-withdrawing groups* destabilize carbocations, while electron-donating groups stabilize them. 2. **Carbon Atom Stability**: Neutral carbon atoms are stabilized by completing their octet. In radicals neutral species with an unpaired electron, the stability depends on the number of substituents, similar to carbocations tertiary secondary primary. For carbanions negatively charged carbon, stability is the opposite: primary secondary tertiary, because the negative charge is stabilized by fewer electron-donating alkyl groups.