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ISOMERISM

Isomerism is the phenomenon in organic chemistry in which two or more compounds have the same molecular formula but differ in the arrangement of atoms or in spatial orientation, resulting in different physical, chemical, or biological properties. Even though isomers contain the same number of atoms of each element, the way these atoms are connected or oriented in space makes each compound unique. Why Isomerism Occurs Carbon has the ability to form chains, branches, and rings Presence of functional groups Restricted rotation (double bonds, rings) Chirality (asymmetric carbon atom) Types of Isomerism Isomerism is broadly classified into: Structural Isomerism Compounds differ in the connectivity of atoms. Stereoisomerism Compounds have the same connectivity but differ in three-dimensional arrangement. Importance of Isomerism Explains why compounds with the same formula show different boiling points, melting points, and reactivity Crucial in drug design, biochemistry, and pharmaceuticals Frequently asked concept in JEE & NEET examinations