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In this second episode of čukʷaa haʔuk, Eli Enns delves into the deep historical and constitutional roots that shape Indigenous-Crown relations in British Columbia today. He traces how the 1763 Royal Proclamation and the 1764 Treaty of Peace and Friendship at Fort Niagara established Canada’s constitutional responsibilities toward Indigenous Nations, and how these commitments were later disregarded when B.C. joined Confederation in 1871. Eli explains how the province’s demand for full control over “Crown lands” and refusal to uphold treaty obligations created a legacy of legal and political uncertainty that continues today. Through the story of Treaty 8, also known to the Dene as the Treaty of 1900, he highlights the understanding of treaty as a living relationship of peace and friendship grounded in shared benefits and shared responsibilities to the land, rather than ownership or surrender. Drawing connections to Indigenous Protected and Conserved Areas (IPCAs), Eli describes how initiatives like Tribal Parks offer a path toward reconciliation by restoring Indigenous governance and relationships. The episode closes by envisioning reconciliation at the watershed level, where people care for the Land through a shared responsibility for the well-being of all life and future generations. About the Series: The čukʷaa haʔuk audio and video series delves into the historical, legal, socio-cultural, and narrative dimensions of Indigenous Protected and Conserved Areas (IPCAs) in Canada. čukʷaa haʔuk, pronounced CHOO-kwa ha-OOK, means, “come, let’s feast” in Nuu-chah-nulth. The series invites viewers and listeners to feast on the knowledge that is shared. Hosted by the IISAAK OLAM Foundation and featuring Eli Enns, Co-Founder and CEO of the IISAAK OLAM Foundation and Tla-o-qui-aht First Nation Citizen. Produced by Jeremy Williams of River Voices Productions and Board Director of the IISAAK OLAM Foundation. Music by Joseph Tutakwisnapšiƛ Martin, Tla-o-qui-aht Master Carver and Historian, and Board Director of the IISAAK OLAM Foundation. Additional Resources: Alfred, T. (2000). Deconstructing the British Columbia treaty process. https://www.sfu.ca/~palys/Alfred-2000... Borrows, J. (2010). Canada's indigenous constitution. University of Toronto Press. https://utppublishing.com/doi/book/10... Borrows, J., & Coyle, M. (Eds.). (2017). The right relationship: Reimagining the implementation of historical treaties. University of Toronto Press. https://utppublishing.com/doi/book/10... Canada, Royal Proclamation of 1763. (1763). Reproduced in The Canadian Encyclopedia. https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.c... Dorward, T., Hockin-Grant, J., Paul, A., Townsend, J. (2022). Tla-o-qui-aht Tribal Parks. https://ipcaknowledgebasket.ca/about/... Kajlich, H. (2002). The British Columbia treaty referendum. Indigenous Law Bulletin, 5(17), 11. https://classic.austlii.edu.au/au/jou... McCrossan, M., & Ladner, K. L. (2016). Eliminating Indigenous jurisdictions: Federalism, the supreme court of Canada, and territorial rationalities of power. Canadian Journal of Political Science/Revue canadienne de science politique, 49(3), 411-431. https://www.researchgate.net/publicat... Nitah, S., Dunkin, J., Townsend, J., and Paul, A. Thaidene Nëné – Land of the Ancestors. https://ipcaknowledgebasket.ca/about/... Treaty 8 Tribal Association. (2015). Treaty No. 8: Easy-Read Version [PDF]. https://treaty8.bc.ca/wp-content/uplo... Tzimas, E. R. (2005). Haida Nation and Taku River: A commentary on Aboriginal consultation and reconciliation. The Supreme Court Law Review: Osgoode’s Annual Constitutional Cases Conference, 29 (1), 447-478. https://digitalcommons.osgoode.yorku.... Yellowhead Institute. (2024). The Treaty Map: Indigenous perspectives on treaties in Canada. https://treatymap.yellowheadinstitute...