Donna S Heidel Applying PtD Concepts to Industrial Hygiene Hazards скачать в хорошем качестве

Donna S Heidel Applying PtD Concepts to Industrial Hygiene Hazards

Applying PtD Concepts to Industrial Hygiene Hazards Industrial hygiene risk is determined by measuring personal exposures to a health hazard and comparing the results to an occupational exposure limit (OEL), such as an OSHA permissible exposure limit or an ACGIH threshold limit value. Measurement of exposures typically occurs during normal operations after the process or equipment with hazards that can result in exposure has been designed, procured, installed, and qualified. When exposures exceeding the OEL are measured, controls are implemented using the hierarchy controls (elimination, substitution, engineering controls, administrative controls, and personal protective equipment). For chemical processes, for example, the controls at the top of the hierarchy, elimination and substitution may not be possible without re-design/re-engineering of the process and equipment. Designing and implementing retrofit engineering controls, such as local exhaust systems, is time-consuming and costly and requires evaluation of environmental emissions and permitting and the impact on the general ventilation systems. Control of risk to physical agents, including noise, once the equipment is installed is equally challenging and often not as effective as manufacturer-supplied controls. As a result, if controls are not included in the design and re-design processes, controls at the bottom of the hierarchy – administrative and personal protective equipment – are often used to control risk. The application of PtD to chemical and physical hazards requires that industrial hygienists partner with process designers to eliminate and substitute hazards that will present the potential for unacceptable exposure risk to workers. It then requires that acceptable levels of emissions of the remaining and substituted hazards be included in the specification of the equipment. Suppliers and integrators must provide testing verification that the equipment has achieved the acceptable level of risk, as specified. Testing during launch supports verification that exposures are controlled. Engineered controls are supplemented by work practice controls and training and education of the workforce.