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SPECIAL FRONTIER FORCE The Special Frontier Force (SFF), famously known as Establishment 22 or the Vikas Battalion, is one of India’s most elite and secretive paramilitary units. It was born out of the Cold War and the fallout of the 1962 Sino-Indian War. 1. The Genesis (1962) Following India's defeat in the 1962 war with China, the Indian government realized it needed a specialized force capable of operating in the high-altitude terrain of the Himalayas. • Foundation: It was established on November 14, 1962 (Prime Minister Jawaharlal Nehru's birthday). • The Architects: The force was the brainchild of Intelligence Bureau (IB) Chief B.N. Mullik, legendary pilot Biju Patnaik, and Brigadier Sujan Singh Uban. • The Name: It was nicknamed Establishment 22 because its first Inspector General, Sujan Singh Uban, had previously commanded the 22nd Mountain Regiment in the British Indian Army. 2. Composition and CIA Involvement The SFF was unique because it was primarily composed of Tibetan refugees. • Recruitment: Many original members were Khampa rebels from the Chushi Gangdruk resistance who had fled Tibet with the Dalai Lama in 1959. • The "Mustang" Connection: In its early years, the force was trained in coordination with the CIA at the Chakrata base (near Dehradun). The U.S. provided arms and training with the intent of using the force for covert operations behind Chinese lines. 3. Command Structure Unlike the regular Indian Army, the SFF: • Reports directly to the Cabinet Secretariat and the Research and Analysis Wing (R&AW). • Is led by an Inspector General (IG) who is typically a Major General-rank officer from the Indian Army. • Operates under its own rank structure but maintains a high level of integration with the Army during active conflicts. 4. Key Military Operations Though its existence was rarely officially acknowledged for decades, the SFF has played a pivotal role in several major conflicts: • 1971 Bangladesh Liberation War (Operation Eagle): They conducted high-risk guerrilla operations in the Chittagong Hill Tracts to neutralize Pakistani positions. • 1984 Siachen Glacier (Operation Meghdoot): Their natural acclimation to high altitudes made them instrumental in securing the world’s highest battlefield. • 1984 Operation Bluestar: They were part of the special units deployed at the Golden Temple. • 1999 Kargil War (Operation Vijay): They were utilized for high-altitude reconnaissance and combat against Pakistani intruders. • 2020 Pangong Tso (Ladakh): The SFF gained rare public attention during the standoff with China when they successfully occupied strategic heights on the South Bank of the lake. 5. Present Status Today, the SFF remains a "ghost" force—highly trained in mountain warfare, rock climbing, and parachuting. While it still primarily recruits Tibetans, it now also includes Gurkhas and other Indian citizens. It serves as a specialized deterrent against any incursions along the Line of Actual Control (LAC).