شرح مقدمة الجهازي المناعي anatomy and physiology of immune system 🤲💫💯🔥💪💗👌🌹💓لكل كليات القطاع الطبي скачать в хорошем качестве

شرح مقدمة الجهازي المناعي anatomy and physiology of immune system 🤲💫💯🔥💪💗👌🌹💓لكل كليات القطاع الطبي

1. Anatomy: The Hardware The anatomy of the immune system is categorized into Primary and Secondary lymphoid organs. Primary Lymphoid Organs (The Training Grounds) This is where immune cells are "born" and "educated." Bone Marrow: The site of hematopoiesis (blood cell production). All immune cells start here. B-cells also mature here. Thymus: A gland behind your breastbone where T-cells go to "college" to learn how to identify specific pathogens without attacking your own body. Secondary Lymphoid Organs (The Battlefield) This is where immune cells live and wait to encounter "intruders." Lymph Nodes: Small, bean-shaped filters that scan the lymph fluid for pathogens. Spleen: Filters the blood, clearing out old red blood cells and monitoring for blood-borne infections. MALT (Mucosa-Associated Lymphoid Tissue): Includes the tonsils, adenoids, and Peyer's patches in the intestines. These protect the "entry points" of the body. 2. Physiology: The Software The immune response is generally divided into two main "lines of defense." A. Innate Immunity (The First Responders) This system is non-specific and acts immediately. It doesn't care what the germ is, just that it shouldn't be there. Physical Barriers: Skin, mucus, and stomach acid. Phagocytes: Cells like Neutrophils and Macrophages that literally "eat" invaders. Inflammation: A chemical signal that increases blood flow and recruits help to an injury site. B. Adaptive Immunity (The Special Forces) This system is highly specific and creates a memory of the pathogen. If you see the same virus twice, this system shuts it down before you even feel sick. B-Cells (Humoral Immunity): Produce antibodies. Think of antibodies as "tags" that stick to viruses, neutralizing them or marking them for destruction. T-Cells (Cell-Mediated Immunity): * Helper T-cells: The "Generals" that coordinate the entire response. Cytotoxic T-cells: The "Assassins" that kill your own cells if they've been hijacked by a virus or become cancerous. 3. How They Work Together The transition from Innate to Adaptive immunity is a crucial physiological process. Detection: A Macrophage eats a bacteria. Antigen Presentation: The Macrophage "wears" a piece of that bacteria on its surface (like a trophy). Activation: It shows this piece to a T-cell. Expansion: The T-cell and B-cell armies multiply rapidly to wipe out that specific threat. Note: The efficiency of these interactions is often measured by the concentration of signaling proteins called cytokines, which act as the "radio chatter" between cells