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Heart Failure

This educational resource provides a comprehensive overview of heart failure, defining it as a clinical syndrome where the heart fails to pump sufficient blood to meet the body's metabolic needs. The text explores the epidemiology of the condition, highlighting its significant impact in Africa and the distinct ways it affects various age groups and genders. Key pathophysiological mechanisms are detailed, specifically focusing on how the body's compensatory neurohormonal responses eventually lead to further cardiac damage. Clinical management is categorized by the NYHA functional classes and the four stages of heart failure progression. The source emphasizes guideline-directed medical therapy, advocating for a "fantastic four" combination of medications to reduce mortality and improve patient quality of life. Finally, it outlines essential diagnostic tools, such as echocardiography and BNP testing, alongside non-pharmacological interventions like lifestyle modifications.