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Hyperglycemia, DKA, and HHS

This module provides a detailed overview of hyperglycemia, diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA), and hyperosmolar hyperglycemic state (HHS) in people with diabetes. Participants will learn to recognize signs and symptoms, differentiate DKA from HHS, understand the role of ketones and beta-hydroxybutyrate, and review the rationale for treatment. The module also covers transitioning from IV insulin infusions to subcutaneous injections or insulin pumps, and strategies for preventing future hyperglycemic episodes. Through practical guidance and patient-centered considerations, healthcare professionals will gain confidence in early identification, safe management, and education to reduce complications and support optimal outcomes. Learning Objectives By the end of this module, participants will be able to: Define hyperglycemia and distinguish between DKA and HHS based on clinical features and laboratory findings. Explain the significance of ketone bodies and beta-hydroxybutyrate in diagnosing and monitoring DKA. Describe the treatment rationale for DKA and HHS, including transitioning from IV insulin to subcutaneous insulin or insulin pumps. Identify patient education strategies to prevent future hyperglycemic crises, including insulin management, carbohydrate monitoring, and use of alert systems. Recognize the clinical implications of SGLT2 inhibitors, type 1 diabetes, and other risk factors in the development of DKA or HHS.