Hybridisation in 3 min скачать в хорошем качестве

Hybridisation in 3 min

Hybridisation is the process of mixing atomic orbitals of the same atom to form new, equivalent hybrid orbitals. These hybrid orbitals then overlap with orbitals of other atoms to form chemical bonds. The idea was introduced to explain bonding in molecules like methane, ethene, and more, where the observed shapes didn’t match predictions from simple orbital diagrams. 🔹 sp hybridisation – Mixing of one s and one p orbital forms 2 sp orbitals. Found in linear molecules like BeCl₂, C≡C bonded molecules like ethyne. Bond angle: 180°. 🔹 sp² hybridisation – One s and two p orbitals mix to form 3 sp² orbitals. Found in trigonal planar structures like BF₃, ethene (C₂H₄). Bond angle: 120°. 🔹 sp³ hybridisation – One s and three p orbitals combine to form 4 sp³ orbitals. Common in tetrahedral molecules like CH₄ (methane), NH₃, H₂O (though distorted). Bond angle ~109.5°. Other types include: 🔸 sp³d – trigonal bipyramidal (e.g., PCl₅) 🔸 sp³d² – octahedral (e.g., SF₆) 🔸 sp³d³ – pentagonal bipyramidal (e.g., IF₇)