Ecosystem Functions and Energy Flow (ECO-G2.02) скачать в хорошем качестве

Ecosystem Functions and Energy Flow (ECO-G2.02)

#UPSCEnvironment #EnvironmentalScience #EnvironmentAndEcology | Ecosystem Functions and Energy Flow: [1. Ecosystem Components: Abiotic factors, Biotic community, Trophic structure, Autotrophs (Photo/Chemo), Heterotrophs (Macro/Micro consumers), 2. Productivity Dynamics: Gross Primary Productivity (GPP), Net Primary Productivity (NPP), Net Community Productivity, Secondary Productivity, Standing Crop vs. Standing State, 3. Energy Flow Thermodynamics: First and Second Laws in Ecology, Entropy, Unidirectional flow, Energy subsidy, Universal Energy Flow Model, 4. Trophic Relations: Grazing Food Chain (GFC), Detritus Food Chain (DFC), Auxiliary food chains, Food Web complexity, Connectance and Stability, 5. Ecological Pyramids: Pyramid of Numbers (Upright/Inverted), Pyramid of Biomass (Terrestrial/Aquatic), Pyramid of Energy (Always Upright), Limitations, 6. Energy Transfer Efficiency: Lindeman’s 10% Law, Ecological Efficiency, Assimilation Efficiency, Production Efficiency, Trophic-level transfer efficiency, 7. Bio-concentration Concepts: Bioaccumulation mechanisms, Biomagnification, Bioconcentration Factor (BCF), Persistent Organic Pollutants (POPs), 8. Ecosystem Services (MEA Framework): Provisioning (Food, Water), Regulating (Climate, Flood), Supporting (Nutrient cycling), Cultural (Spiritual, Recreational)]