Cosmic Clumping: Understanding Large-Scale Structures in the Universe скачать в хорошем качестве

Cosmic Clumping: Understanding Large-Scale Structures in the Universe

This video is part of a comprehensive series initially developed for William Paterson University and CUNY Hunter, aimed at supporting online classes and course materials for introductory astronomy. By engaging with all the videos within this series, you will effectively complete a full undergraduate course in astronomy, equipping yourself with the knowledge and skills necessary to navigate the night sky with confidence, learning all the basics and many advanced topics! Galaxy clusters and superclusters are huge formations in the cosmic landscape. The Virgo Cluster, for instance, is about 67 million light-years away and has thousands of galaxies. And the Laniakea Supercluster is even bigger, stretching over 500 million light-years and made up of multiple galaxy clusters. These superclusters are held together by gravity and show how everything in the universe is connected. X-ray observations can also help us understand galaxy clusters. They’re mostly filled with hot gas that we can see in X-rays. This hot gas is so bright that it often outshines the starlight from the galaxies themselves. The intercluster medium is where this gas is found, and some clusters, like Abell 7047, have massive elliptical galaxies surrounded by a fuzzy X-ray halo. These observations show that there’s a lot of dark matter and hot gas in the universe, which are essential for understanding how things are structured. Quasars are also super important. They’re among the brightest and most distant objects in the universe, and they help us map the interstellar gas. When we look at the light from quasars, we see absorption lines called the Lyman alpha forest. These lines show that there are gas clouds between us and the quasar. These gas clouds, along with dark matter, are spread out along cosmic filaments and sheets, helping us understand the large-scale structure of the universe. And finally, gravitational lensing can help us figure out how much mass is in the universe. When light from a distant object passes through a massive object like a galaxy cluster, it bends. This bending of light can give us clues about the mass distribution in the universe. Galaxies’ light bends because of big clusters of matter in front of them, creating gravitational lenses. Scientists use these lenses to figure out where dark matter is in these clusters. The light gets bent into different shapes and arcs, which helps them measure the total mass of the cluster. Simulations are super important for understanding how big structures form in the universe. Projects like the ones at the National Center for Supercomputing Applications and the Millennium Simulation Project show how dark matter and galaxies have changed from the early universe to now. The Eagle simulation helps us understand how hot gas and galaxies form under specific conditions. Comparing simulations to real observations gives us clues about how supernovae affect gas distribution. By comparing these models to actual observations, scientists get a better understanding of how galaxies form and how cosmic structures evolve. These comparisons help validate theoretical models, especially those about dark matter. The cosmic microwave background also gives us more information about the universe’s makeup. Scientists can figure out how much dark matter and ordinary matter there is by looking at the peaks in the power spectrum. This information confirms important things about the universe’s age and structure, supporting the Big Bang theory. Combining simulations with CMB data shows that the universe is mostly made up of dark energy and dark matter, with ordinary matter making up only a small part. This model, which matches both observations and simulations, proves that the Big Bang and the universe’s evolution led to the universe we see today. In the future, scientists will explore cosmic inflation and the universe’s ultimate fate, continuing their quest to understand the cosmos. Andrey Kravtsov (U. Chicago) and Anatoly Klypin (New Mexico State U.): http://cosmicweb.uchicago.edu/ Planck simulations of CMB: http://sci.esa.int/planck/51606-gravi... Evolution of HI: 3C273 spectrum: https://arxiv.org/pdf/astro-ph/980628... Gravitational lensing of distant star-forming galaxies: https://vimeo.com/175907461 Science Results from the Planck CMB Probe: https://www.cosmos.esa.int/web/planck CMB Anisotropies from Acoustic Oscillations: http://background.uchicago.edu/~whu/p... BOSS: Dark Energy and the Geometry of Space: http://www.sdss3.org/surveys/boss.php #BigBang #CosmicStructure #Galaxies #DarkMatter #Cosmology #Astrophysics #Superclusters #Universe #SpaceScience #GalacticFormation