History of China - Chapter 27: Sun Yat-sen / Republic of China (Provisional Government) (1912-1925) скачать в хорошем качестве

History of China - Chapter 27: Sun Yat-sen / Republic of China (Provisional Government) (1912-1925)

🇨🇳✨ In Chapter 27 of History of China, we follow the whirlwind life of Sun Yat-sen—doctor, exile, fundraiser, dreamer, and relentless organizer—through the stormy birth of the **Republic of China (1912–1925). The empire is gone… but the fight over who owns the future is just beginning. ⚔️📜 🎬 What you’ll experience in this chapter From secret revolutionary cells to crowded student marches, this episode traces how republican ideals collided with armies, foreign pressure, and the hard truth that a constitution can’t protect itself. 🧭 Timeline Highlights (Old ➜ New) 🔹 1866–1905: Sun’s early life in Guangdong and Hawaiʻi, medical training in Hong Kong, and the leap from reform petitions to revolution—plus dramatic exile networks, the London kidnapping scandal (1896), and the formation of the **Tongmenghui in Tokyo (1905). 🔹 1911–1912: The **Wuchang Uprising ignites the fall of the Qing. Sun returns, becomes provisional president, and the **Republic of China is proclaimed (Jan 1, 1912). 🔹 1912–1913: A fragile constitutional experiment begins. The Kuomintang rises, **Song Jiaoren pushes parliamentary government… and his assassination poisons trust in ballots. 🕯️🚉 🔹 1913–1916: **Yuan Shikai crushes opposition, hollows out parliament, faces Japan’s Twenty-One Demands (1915), then attempts to crown himself emperor—sparking the National Protection resistance and the collapse of his monarchy dream. His death (1916) opens the gates to warlord fragmentation. 👑💥 🔹 1917–1922: Sun fights for “constitutional protection” (Hu Fa) in Guangzhou while Beijing politics spins through coups and cliques. China enters WWI (1917) and sends laborers abroad—then **Versailles shocks the nation as Shandong is awarded to Japan. China’s delegation refuses to sign, and the **May Fourth Movement erupts (1919). ✊📣 🔹 1921–1924: New ideas surge: New Culture debates, vernacular writing, science vs. tradition, and the early growth of the **Chinese Communist Party (1921). Warlord wars rage (Anhui–Zhili, Zhili–Fengtian), Cao Kun’s bribed presidency (1923) embarrasses the republic, and Feng Yuxiang’s 1924 coup reshuffles the north. Meanwhile Sun returns to Guangzhou, breaks with Chen Jiongming (and escapes by gunboat), then forges the Sun–Joffe understanding and the *First United Front*. 🌏🤝 🔹 1924–1925: Sun reorganizes the Kuomintang as a disciplined mass party, lays out staged revolution (military unification ➜ political tutelage ➜ constitutional rule), develops ideas like the **Five-Power Constitution, and builds the revolutionary officer corps at **Whampoa Military Academy (with Chiang Kai-shek rising). Sun’s final northern trip ends with his death in Beijing (March 1925). 🏛️🕊️ 🔹 1925: Streets become the arena: the **May Thirtieth Movement and the Canton–Hong Kong strike/boycott show the power of mass mobilization. Inside the KMT, tensions flare—especially after *Liao Zhongkai’s assassination*—as rivals battle to define Sun’s legacy. 🔥🧨 🧩 Big Questions We Tackle ✅ Can democracy survive without a loyal army? ✅ Is “stability” worth sacrificing constitutional rule? ✅ How did foreign privilege in treaty ports shape nationalism and radicalism? ✅ Why did Sun bet on organization, discipline, and staged nation-building? 🗺️ Where the story moves 🏝️ Hawaiʻi ➜ 🌸 Hong Kong ➜ 🇯🇵 Tokyo ➜ 🧳 diaspora fundraising hubs ➜ 🏛️ Nanjing (new republic) ➜ 🐉 Beijing (power games) ➜ 🌿 Guangzhou (southern base) ➜ 🏫 Whampoa (cadets preparing to march north). 🛠️ Why this era feels like a thriller 💰 Money is politics: customs/salt revenues, foreign-supervised finances, loans that trade future income for short-term survival. 📰 Ideas become weapons: newspapers, pamphlets, boycotts, strikes—public opinion becomes a force. 🚂 Railways = power: control the tracks, move troops, collect taxes, claim legitimacy. ⚖️ Sun’s constitutional imagination: checks and balances shaped by both global models and Chinese administrative tradition. 🎞️ Mini-montage moments 🌅 1912: a republic is born. 🚉 1913: a gunshot ends a parliamentary promise. 👑 1915–16: a crown collapses. 📣 1919: May Fourth roars. 🎓 1924: Whampoa rises. 🕊️ 1925: Sun’s legacy becomes a battlefield. 🎧 Best enjoyed like a story One narrator. One timeline. A nation trying to reinvent itself while the ground shifts beneath every step. If you love political drama, revolution, and world-shaping turning points, you’re in the right place. 🌟 ➡️ Next chapters will explore how Sun’s institutions fuel the Northern Expedition—and how unity and conflict arrive together. 👇 Tell me in the comments: Was Sun’s “tutelage first, democracy later” realistic—or dangerous? #HistoryOfChina #SunYatSen #RepublicOfChina #ChineseHistory #WuchangUprising #MayFourthMovement #YuanShikai #WarlordEra #Kuomintang #KMT #Whampoa #ChineseRevolution #ModernChina #QingToRepublic #AsiaHistory