Human genome project | class 12 скачать в хорошем качестве

Human genome project | class 12

Aslam o alikum I am Hassam ur Rahman and I am teaching Fsc biology since 2014 .I am always trying to improve myself and provide best lecture to students.i am taking content for the lecture from authentic and relevant sources but human errors are possible . you are requested to please highlight the mistakes.My lectures are equally reliable for Fsc and mdcat students #visiblescience #mdcatbiology #alevelbiology #neetbiology #fscbiology #humangenomeproject This lecture is about THE HUMAN GENOME PROJECT The human genome project is massive effort originally founded by the U.S. govern- ment and now increasingly by U.S. pharmaceutical companies to map the human chromosomes. Many non-profit and for profit biochemical laboratories around the world are now involved in the project which has two primary goals.The first goal is to construct a genetic map of the human genome. The aim is to show the sequence of genes along the length of each type of chromosome, such as de- picted for the X chromosome in Fig 23.9. When the DNA sequence of human chro- mosome no. 22, one of the smallest human chromosomes, was completed in 19.99, it became possible for the first time to see exactly how genes are arranged along an entire vertebrate chromosome. With the publication of the entire human genome in 2001, the genetic landscape of all human chromosomes suddenly came into sharp focus. The sheer quantity of information provided by the human genome project is unprecedented in biology. The human genome is 25 times larger than any other ge- nome sequenced so far. The map for each chromosome is presently incomplete, and in many instances scientists rely on the placement of RFLPs. These sites eventually allow scientist to pinpoint disease causing genes because a particular RFLP and a defective gene are often inherited together. For example it is known that persons with Huntington disease have a unique site where a restriction enzyme cuts DNA. The test for Huntington disease relies on this difference from the normal. The second goal is to construct a base sequence map. There are three billion base pairs in the human genome and it is estimated it cohld take an encyclopaedia of 200 volumes, each with 1000 pages, to list all of these. Yet this goal has been reached and all the chromosomes have been sequenced.