Lec 1 biological classification kingdom monera ncert reading page 16,17,18,19,20,class11th neet 2026 скачать в хорошем качестве

Lec 1 biological classification kingdom monera ncert reading page 16,17,18,19,20,class11th neet 2026

🧬 Chapter 2: Biological Classification – Overview & Reading Guide 📚 What is this chapter about? This chapter explains how living organisms are classified into groups based on their similarities and differences. It introduces various classification systems and describes the characteristics of different kingdoms of life. --- 🗂️ Chapter Breakdown: 1. Introduction Early systems of classification: Two-kingdom system by Linnaeus (Plantae & Animalia). Need for a better classification system due to discovery of microorganisms. 2. Three-Domain and Five-Kingdom Classification R.H. Whittaker’s Five Kingdoms: Monera, Protista, Fungi, Plantae, Animalia. Criteria: Cell structure, body organization, mode of nutrition, reproduction, phylogenetic relationships. Carl Woese’s Three-Domain System: Archaea, Bacteria, Eukarya. 3. Kingdom Monera Unicellular prokaryotes (bacteria). Archaebacteria vs. Eubacteria. Useful and harmful bacteria. Cyanobacteria (photosynthetic). Reproduction: Binary fission, conjugation. 4. Kingdom Protista Unicellular eukaryotes. Diverse group: Protozoans, Chrysophytes, Dinoflagellates, Euglenoids. Nutrition: Autotrophic or heterotrophic. Locomotion: Flagella, cilia, pseudopodia. 5. Kingdom Fungi Mostly multicellular (except yeast). Heterotrophic, absorb nutrients (saprophytic/parasitic). Structure: Mycelium (hyphae). Reproduction: Asexual (spores), sexual (varies). Useful in fermentation, antibiotics; also cause diseases. 6. Kingdom Plantae Multicellular, eukaryotic, autotrophic. Photosynthesis using chlorophyll. Life cycle shows alternation of generations. 7. Kingdom Animalia Multicellular, heterotrophic, eukaryotic. No cell wall. Complex body organization. Ingestion as mode of nutrition. 8. Viruses, Viroids, and Lichens (Not part of the five kingdoms) Viruses: Non-living outside host; DNA or RNA core; infect plants, animals, bacteria. Viroids: Smaller than viruses, only RNA. Lichens: Symbiotic association of algae and fungi. --- 📝 Tips for NCERT Reading: 1. Read with a highlighter: Mark key definitions and examples (like cyanobacteria, diatoms, yeast). 2. Make flowcharts for classification systems and differences (Monera vs Protista, etc.). 3. Note down diagrams: Labelled diagrams of fungi, bacteria, virus are important for exams. 4. Focus on terminologies: Like mycelium, hyphae, conjugation, autotroph, heterotroph. 5. Revise NCERT in parts: Break the chapter into 3–4 reading sessions to absorb it better. --- 📌 Important Questions Often Asked: What are the main criteria for Whittaker’s classification? Differences between archaebacteria and eubacteria. Features of Protista – with examples. How fungi are different from plants. Structure and characteristics of viruses and viroids. --- If you want, I can also help you with summary notes, flashcards, or questions & answers from this chapter. Just let me know how you’d like to study it.