Скачать с ютуб Luoping Zhang - Genotoxicity Biomarkers: The 50-Year Revolution in Molecular Epidemiology в хорошем качестве

Luoping Zhang - Genotoxicity Biomarkers: The 50-Year Revolution in Molecular Epidemiology

Luoping Zhang: University of California, Berkeley, CA, United States. Molecular epidemiology was first conceived in 1973 and has since rapidly grown as an emerging field in recent decades. It combines modern era molecular biology with traditional epidemiology, in which numerous biomarkers are applied to explore how toxic exposures link to disease development. As a key characteristic of carcinogens and a pivotal biomarker of early effects on the causal pathway to carcinogenesis, genotoxicity was historically measured by conventional methods, for example, 32P-postlabeling assay for DNA-adduct detection and classic karyotyping (non- and G-banding) for chromosomal aberrations. However, these outdated methods, though applied in early molecular epidemiological studies, were low-throughput and time-consuming. After decoding the human genome, molecular biologists have invented more sensitive and convenient modern cytogenetics, fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) and micronucleus (MN) assays to detect chromosomal aneuploidy and rearrangement. Most recently, even more high-throughput bioassays have also been innovated for genotoxicity testing, e.g. copy number variations (CNV), gene expression arrays (transcriptomics), and next-generation sequencing (NGS). Many of these contemporary biomarkers, are now readily employed in human studies to improve our understanding of the mechanisms, pathways and/or biological plausibility involved in chemical exposures-related cancers and other chronic disorders. These cutting-edge biotechnologies applied as novel biomarkers, therefore, can revolutionize the epidemiological field by unlocking the “black box” from exposure to disease. A forward leap of biomarkers from historical to modern times will be exemplified with a few crucial examples. In the near future, more and more high-throughput and low-cost biomarkers will be discovered and developed based on the accumulating data collected so far and futuristic artificial intelligence. Keywords: EMGS history, Molecular epidemiology, biotechnology, mutagenesis