Blood Coagulation and Its Factors in Physiology: Mechanism, Pathways and Clinical Significance скачать в хорошем качестве

Blood Coagulation and Its Factors in Physiology: Mechanism, Pathways and Clinical Significance

Blood coagulation is a protective physiological mechanism that prevents excessive blood loss following vascular injury. It involves a complex series of enzymatic reactions known as the coagulation cascade, where inactive plasma proteins (clotting factors) are sequentially activated to form a stable blood clot. Coagulation occurs through two main pathways: the intrinsic pathway and the extrinsic pathway. The intrinsic pathway is activated by contact with exposed collagen inside the damaged vessel, while the extrinsic pathway is initiated by tissue factor released from injured tissues. Both pathways converge into the common pathway, leading to the activation of prothrombin (Factor II) into thrombin. Thrombin then converts fibrinogen (Factor I) into fibrin, which forms a strong meshwork that stabilizes the platelet plug. There are thirteen clotting factors (I–XIII), most of which are synthesized in the liver. Calcium (Factor IV) and vitamin K are essential for the activation of several factors, including II, VII, IX, and X. Proper balance of coagulation is crucial; deficiency or dysfunction of clotting factors can result in bleeding disorders, whereas excessive activation may cause thrombosis. #BloodCoagulation #ClottingFactors #IntrinsicPathway #ExtrinsicPathway #CommonPathway #Thrombin #Fibrin #VitaminK #Hemostasis #Physiology