Serotonin Location in Plant & Animal Evolution & Biology (Azmitia, 2009, Pt 3.2; XX) скачать в хорошем качестве

Serotonin Location in Plant & Animal Evolution & Biology (Azmitia, 2009, Pt 3.2; XX)

I. The Ancient Origins of Serotonin Serotonin is often viewed only as a brain chemical. However, its biological roots are incredibly ancient. It exists in prokaryotes and algae living in water. In single cells, tryptophan acts as a light sensor. These compounds help regulate daily rhythms. They also function as antioxidants in cells. Melatonin is found in nearly every living cell. II. High Levels In The Plant Kingdom Plants produce much more serotonin than mammals. Banana skin has 100 times more 5-HT than a rat brain. This is due to the abundance of oxygen in plants. Plants also have high levels of tryptophan. Seeds from Grivonia simplicifolia are very potent. They contain 500 times the serotonin of animal brains. Serotonin helps plants remove molecular oxygen. III. Serotonin In The Animal Kingdom Animals lack the ability to synthesize tryptophan. They must move to capture organisms that contain it. Sponges are among the most primitive animal forms. They feed by filtration to acquire nutrients. Hydra have sensory cells scattered on their skin. Serotonin is localized to these sensory cells. Flatworms show the development of distinct neurons. IV. Complexity In The Human Brain Serotonin systems adapted as brains grew complex. Lower organisms use single neurons for circuits. Rodents have clusters of neurons acting together. Primates have a more collaborative organization. Their serotonin neurons are in specific clusters. These clusters send axons to specific cortex regions. This allows for complex mental functions in humans. V. Additional Resource Support See NourishED RFI's NotebookLM Resource Support Page. https://notebooklm.google.com/noteboo... VI. Source Azmitia, E. C. (2009). Section 3.2 ("Presence of Serotonin") in Evolution of Serotonin: From Sunlight to Suicide. In C. P. Müller & B. L. Jacobs (Eds.), Handbook of Behavioral Neurobiology of Serotonin. Elsevier. #serotonin #neuroscience #evolution #biology #brainhealth #5HT #neurobiology #scienceeducation #physiology #botany