Cardiac Anatomy, Human Anatomy, USMLE Step 1 - Full Vignette with Extended Explanations скачать в хорошем качестве

Cardiac Anatomy, Human Anatomy, USMLE Step 1 - Full Vignette with Extended Explanations

A 35-year-old pregnant woman with a history of idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis, controlled HIV, and prior lung biopsy presents at 22 weeks gestation with worsening exertional dyspnea, orthopnea, and a new cardiac murmur. Oxygen saturation is low, and her cardiac exam reveals fixed S2 splitting. How should clinicians approach anatomical cardiac imaging in pregnancy to best evaluate for an intracardiac shunt while considering fetal safety? What diagnostic features warrant consideration in this complex scenario? VIDEO INFO Category: Cardiac Anatomy, Human Anatomy, USMLE Step 1 Difficulty: Expert - Expert level - For those seeking deep understanding Question Type: Prevention - Preventive measures and screening Case Type: Pregnant Patient Explore more ways to learn on this and other topics by going to https://endlessmedical.academy/auth?h... QUESTION A 35-year-old woman at 22 weeks gestation (G2P1) presents for evaluation of progressive exertional dyspnea and intermittent palpitations that began 6 weeks ago. She reports orthopnea requiring two pillows but denies chest pain, hemoptysis, syncope, or fever.... OPTIONS A. Transthoracic echocardiography with color Doppler, adding agitated-saline contrast if needed, and avoiding ionizing radiation and gadolinium during pregnancy. B. Coronary CT angiography with iodinated contrast to delineate cardiac anatomy during pregnancy, accepting low fetal doses when promptly indicated and prioritizing rapid image acquisition over sonography. C. Cardiac MRI with gadolinium contrast to enhance intracardiac shunt detection as the first-line structural study in pregnancy. D. Transesophageal echocardiography under general anesthesia as the initial structural evaluation for suspected intracardiac shunt in pregnancy. CORRECT ANSWER A. Transthoracic echocardiography with color Doppler, adding agitated-saline contrast if needed, and avoiding ionizing radiation and gadolinium during pregnancy. EXPLANATION The correct answer is "Transthoracic echocardiography with color Doppler, adding agitated-saline contrast if needed, and avoiding ionizing radiation and gadolinium during pregnancy." Fixed and wide splitting of S2 with a right-ventricular-type midsystolic murmur that increases with inspiration suggests a chronic left-to-right shunt at the atrial level (eg, secundum ASD) with right-sided volume overload. In pregnancy, first-line cardiac imaging is transthoracic echocardiography with color Doppler; agitated-saline (bubble) study can safely improve detection of interatrial shunting and requires no ionizing radiation or gadolinium. This directly answers the patient s safety question and delineates shunt anatomy/physiology even when acoustic windows are imperfect. Her hypoxemia and possible right-atrial enlargement further support prioritizing sonography that can be repeated serially at the bedside. "Coronary CT angiography with iodinated contrast to delineate cardiac anatomy during pregnancy, accepting low fetal doses when promptly indicated and prioritizing rapid image acquisition over sonography." is incorrect because CT imparts ionizing radiation; although fetal doses are often low, nonionizing ultrasound is preferred when it provides the needed information. "Cardiac MRI with gadolinium contrast to enhance intracardiac shunt detection as the first-line structural study in pregnancy." is incorrect because gadolinium crosses the placenta and is avoided unless essential; MRI without gadolinium may be considered if echocardiography is nondiagnostic.... Further reading: Links to sources are provided for optional further reading only. The questions and explanations are independently authored and do not reproduce or adapt any specific third-party text or content. --------------------------------------------------- Our cases and questions come from the https://EndlessMedical.Academy quiz engine - multi-model platform. Each question and explanation is forged by consensus between multiple top AI models (i.e. Open AI GPT, Claude, Grok, etc.), with automated web searches for the latest research and verified references. Calculations (e.g. eGFR, dosages) are checked via code execution to eliminate errors, and all references are reviewed by several AIs to minimize hallucinations. Important note: This material is entirely AI-generated and has not been verified by human experts; despite stringent consensus checks, perfect accuracy cannot be guaranteed. Exercise caution - always corroborate the content with trusted references or qualified professionals, and never apply information from this content to patient care or clinical decisions without independent verification. Clinicians already rely on AI and online tools - myself included - so treat this content as an additional focused aid, not a replacement for proper medical education. Visit https://endlessmedical.academy for more AI-supported resources and cases. This material can not be treated as medical advice. May cont...