11. Articles (12–14) Explained | Definition of State, Law & Judicial Review Equality Before Law скачать в хорошем качестве

11. Articles (12–14) Explained | Definition of State, Law & Judicial Review Equality Before Law

In this lecture, we begin Part III of the Constitution with Articles 12–14, covering: 👉 Who is the “State” under the Constitution? 👉 What is law under Article 13? 👉 What does equality before the law mean? 👉 What is Rule of Law? These are foundational concepts for UPSC Prelims, Mains, State PSCs & Judiciary exams. 🔥 Topics Covered in This Lecture 1️⃣ Article 12 — Definition of “State” ✔️ Includes: Government of India Parliament of India State governments & legislatures Local authorities Statutory bodies Agencies & instrumentalities of the state ✔️ Supreme Court tests to determine “State”: Deep & pervasive control Financial assistance Public importance & functions Government ownership ✔️ Important Cases: Rajasthan Electricity Board vs Mohan Lal Ajay Hasia Case Pradeep Kumar Biswas Case 2️⃣ Article 13 — Laws Inconsistent with Fundamental Rights ✔️ Pre-constitutional laws void if inconsistent with FRs ✔️ Parliament cannot make laws violating FRs ✔️ Judicial review derived from Article 13 ✔️ Definition of “law”: ordinances, orders, bye-laws, rules, regulations, customs ✔️ “Doctrine of Severability” ✔️ “Doctrine of Eclipse” ✔️ Key case: Keshavan Madhava Menon 3️⃣ Article 14 — Equality Before Law & Equal Protection of Laws ✔️ Two principles: Equality before law (British concept) Equal protection of laws (American concept) ✔️ Permissible classification ✔️ Reasonable classification test: Intelligible differentia Rational nexus ✔️ Doctrine of arbitrariness ✔️ Article 14 is the foundation of the Golden Triangle ✔️ Key cases: Maneka Gandhi vs Union of India E.P. Royappa Ajay Hasia Navtej Johar Case 🎯 Perfect For UPSC CSE (Prelims + Mains) BPSC, UPPCS, MPPSC, RPSC SSC, CAPF, Defence Law & Political Science Students 📚 Join Our Study Community 🌐 Website: www.aayuconsultancy.in 📞 WhatsApp Contact: 9973488139 👥 WhatsApp Group:** https://chat.whatsapp.com/FStSRZKlurK... 👉 Subscribe for the full Polity series, PYQs & MCQs.