Understanding Ion Channels & Transporters (Purves, Neuroscience 6/e, Ch 4) скачать в хорошем качестве

Understanding Ion Channels & Transporters (Purves, Neuroscience 6/e, Ch 4)

I. Introduction to Neural Signaling Neurons generate electrical signals. Transporters create ion concentration gradients. Ion channels cause selective permeability changes. Together they generate nerve cell electrical signals. II. The Patch Clamp Method Invented by Erwin Neher and Bert Sakmann in 1976. Measures currents flowing through single ion channels. Uses a glass pipette to seal a tiny membrane patch. Proved the existence of voltage-sensitive channels. III. Ion Channel Structure & Function Channels are integral membrane proteins spanning it. Pores selectively permit particular ions to pass. Voltage sensors detect transmembrane potential. Depolarization pushes voltage sensors outward. IV. Types of Voltage-Gated Channels Sodium channels have 24 transmembrane regions. Calcium channels prolong action potential duration. Potassium channels are the largest and most diverse. Chloride channels control excitability. V. Ligand-Gated & Other Ion Channels Neurotransmitter receptors bind extracellular signals. Acid-sensing channels are gated by external protons. Thermosensitive channels respond to heat and cold. Mechanosensitive channels respond to membrane stretch. VI. Active Transporters Move ions uphill against electrochemical gradients. Gradually store energy as concentration gradients. ATPase pumps use ATP directly for ion translocation. Sodium-potassium pumps consume much brain energy. Ion exchangers use existing gradients for energy. VII. Additional Resource Support See NourishED RFI's NotebookLM Resource Support Page. https://notebooklm.google.com/noteboo... VIII. Source Purves, D., et al. (Eds.). (2018). Neuroscience, 6/e. Sinauer Associates. SEO Hashtags: #Neuroscience #IonChannels #ActiveTransporters #Neurobiology #PatchClamp #ActionPotential #BrainScience #MedicalEducation