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Glycolysis, Gluconeogenesis

In this biochemistry lecture, Dr. Michael Garoutte focuses on glycolysis, fermentation, gluconeogenesis, and the pentose phosphate pathway. Key topics: Glycolysis: The breakdown of glucose to pyruvate, generating ATP and NADH. This process is essential for energy production in all organisms. Fermentation: How cells regenerate NAD+ under anaerobic conditions, allowing glycolysis to continue in the absence of oxygen. This involves converting pyruvate to lactate (lactic acid fermentation) or ethanol (alcoholic fermentation). Gluconeogenesis: The synthesis of glucose from non-carbohydrate sources like pyruvate, lactate, amino acids, and glycerol. This pathway is crucial when glycogen stores are depleted. Pentose Phosphate Pathway: An alternative pathway for glucose metabolism that produces NADPH for reductive biosynthesis and ribose-5-phosphate for nucleotide synthesis. The lecture also discusses the mechanisms and regulation of these pathways, highlighting the key enzymes involved and their roles in controlling energy metabolism. #biochemistry #glycolysis #metabolism #lehninger #biochemistrylecture #energyproduction #glucose ------------------------------ 0:00:00 Introduction 0:00:24 The Four Fates of Glucose 0:00:35 Glycolysis: From Glucose to Pyruvate 0:01:24 The 10 Steps of Glycolysis 0:06:35 Energy Investment Phase 0:07:43 Energy Producing Phase 0:08:16 The Only Oxidation Step in Glycolysis 0:10:06 Step-by-Step Breakdown of Glycolysis 0:10:17 Hexokinase Reaction 0:11:37 Phosphohexose Isomerase Reaction 0:12:46 Phosphofructokinase-1 Reaction 0:14:52 Aldolase Reaction 0:19:05 Triosephosphate Isomerase Reaction 0:21:16 Glyceraldehyde-3-Phosphate Dehydrogenase Reaction 0:24:41 Phosphoglycerate Kinase Reaction 0:25:15 Substrate-Level Phosphorylation 0:27:01 Phosphoglycerate Mutase Reaction 0:28:07 Enolase Reaction 0:28:45 Pyruvate Kinase Reaction 0:29:24 Overall Reaction of Glycolysis 0:30:31 The Fate of Pyruvate 0:31:31 Anaerobic Fermentation 0:33:38 Lactic Acid Fermentation 0:34:00 Ethanol Fermentation 0:36:27 Reactions of Ethanol Fermentation 0:37:49 Pyruvate Decarboxylase 0:38:09 Thiamine Pyrophosphate 0:40:21 Gluconeogenesis 0:41:12 Bypassing Irreversible Steps 0:45:45 Bypassing Step 10 of Glycolysis 0:46:39 Pyruvate Carboxylase 0:49:54 Bypassing Steps 1 and 3 of Glycolysis 0:51:44 Pentose Phosphate Pathway 0:53:41 NADPH and Reducing Power 0:54:20 Ribose-5-Phosphate and Nucleotide Synthesis 0:54:59 Summary of Key Concepts